Chapter+2+terms

Directions: For the term your group is given, provide information that you obtain from your text and by searching the Web or media center resources. Do not copy and paste, but rather paraphrase information you find. Make your information easy to read. You may upload pictures or other visual information. Document all sources.

**Enlightenment** - a philosophical, religious, and social movement - disregarded church teaching and stated that the basis for the knowing truth was science and reason - any connections to the Church in regards to explaining the natural world were irrelevant. Examples include religious teaching, the Bible, or power of religious figures in preaching truth - dealt with one's values rather than offering a set of rules to follow - targets of movement- the Church and societies headed by hereditary aristocracy - commonly reffered to as the "Age of Reason" - occurred post medieval times- a time when there was much fear and superstition - basis of the Enlightenment was reason

Took effect in Europe by the 19th century Shift from farming to factory production -able to make products faster and cheaper Capital- those who owned the means of producing goods
 * Industrial Revolution**

1820-1870 1st occurred on Great Britain and Europe then entered into the [|US] From hand work à to machine work Many new inventions were made during this time period America went to war with Great Britain being upset about the passing of the Embargo act. This began America’s manufacturing expansion -transportation, electricity, accelerating processes

Driven by social [|changes] Had its consequences and upsides - Faster and increase product production - Needed cheap labor-used children and women

[|America's Capitalist Economy]
 * Capitalism** is an economic system in which means of production and distribution are for private profit, and people work for the owners of these companies for wages. Decisions pertaining to supply and demand are made by actors in the market, not by central planning by the government. The profit is distributed by the owners who invest in the business. A product is a good produced for exchange on the market and there are two types of products – capital and consumer goods. Capital goods are used to produce consumer goods to be sold to the public.

Capitalism comes from the philosophy laissez-faire, which is a practice characterized by a conscious abstention from direction or obstruction with individual freedom of choice and action according to [|Merriam Webster Online]. On the site [|The Capitalism Site] Capitalism is defined by a Social system based on the principal of individual rights. On the site it tries to explain what the world would be like if it were a Capitalist world according to them it would be "A society where evil is not rewarded, but punished and Good is admired, and praised. A society where Virtue is not a weakness, but a strength". One can take the Capitalism Tour [|here].



=Socialism= Socialism is distributing wealth among a community, or in other words taking from the rich and giving to the poor. In Catholicism today Pope Leo the XIII helped teach many Catholics understand the social questions through the Rerum Nevoarum encyclical. The Rerum Nevoarum rejects the main idea of Socialism. Today's society has a corporatism (a social, economical and politcal organization) based on socialism. The Church's idea of socialism is combining with the ideas of capitalism. In many European countries the encyclical has made Christian-Inspired Socialist Parties. The idea of socialism is very similar to the idea of communism, so naturally many Americans do not like the idea of socialism in the United States. Many Americans are calling President Obama a Socialist because of his version of Socialism is taxing the upper class with more money to even out the system.

[|Information]

Marxism was established by German philosopher Karl Marx. He proposed that this social movement would give way to communism. The church rejected this atheistic theory. It was also adopted as a model for social change by many workers' movements. (Living Justice and Peace; pages 47, 48). The primary aspects of Marxism are the dialectial and the materialist concept of history, the critique of capitalism, and the advocacy of proletarian revolution. Many cultures' social systems have been derived from this social structure including the Chinese and the Soviet Union. (www.wikipedia.com). Marx's labor theory of value is explained in his masterpiece, Capital, written in 1867. It states, "The value of a commodity can be objectively measured by the average number of labor hours required to produce that commodity." (www.econlib.org). In short, Marxism is a form of government that either the people or government is entitled to and owns everything, and then distributes pay and goods unequally as a result of the work done (www.peer.tamu.edu/curriculum_modules/ecosystems/Glossary/gloslist.html).